WorldMusic

Folk & World

Fado

Portugal · 1820–present

ポルトガルギターの倍音が震え、たった一人の声が運命と喪失を歌う——19世紀のリスボン下町に生まれた、サウダーデ(あきらめと郷愁が溶け合った感情)の歌。

What it sounds like

ギター二本と、声がひとつ。狭い酒場で、その声が空間をまるごと支配する——それがファドだ。ポルトガルの伝統的歌謡で、テンポは遅く(おおむね60〜100拍/分)、拍を厳密に刻まず感情に合わせて伸び縮みする(ルバート)。主旋律を奏でるのはポルトガルギター。洋梨のような形をした12弦の楽器で、金属弦ならではの高音がきらきらと鳴る。これに伴奏のクラシックギターが寄り添い、ときにベースギターが加わる。歌い手は男女を問わず、深く力強い胸声でサウダーデ(あきらめと郷愁が混じり合った感情)を歌い上げる。歌詞はつねにポルトガル語で、歌われるのは運命、別れ、海で失われた者、リスボンの街、そして貧困や移民の郷愁。録音では歌い手の声が最前面に立ち、伴奏は控えめに後ろへ退く。

The signature rhythm pattern of this genre. Press play to loop it, and follow the score below to see which beat is sounding.

Waltz · 170 BPM

How it came about

「ファド」はラテン語の「fatum(運命)」が語源だ。運命にはあらがえず、その悲しみを歌うという哲学が、この音楽の根幹にある。成立したのは19世紀前半のリスボン下町——アルファマ、モウラリア、バイロ・アルト。当初は下町の女性や船乗り、労働者の歌で、上流階級からは「下品」と嫌われた。20世紀半ば、アマリア・ロドリゲス(Amália Rodrigues、1920〜99、「ファドの女王」)がこれを世界に広め、ポルトガルを代表する国民的な音楽として定着させた。1974年のカーネーション革命で独裁政権が倒れたあと、ファドは旧体制の象徴と結びつけられて一時タブー視されたが、1990年代以降、マリーザ(Mariza)、カマネー(Camané)、ミージア(Mísia)、カルミーニョ(Carminho)らが新世代のファドとして再生させた。現在もリスボンのカーザ・デ・ファド(ファドを聴かせる酒場)で毎晩演奏されており、2011年にはユネスコ無形文化遺産に登録された。

What to listen for

First listen for the Portuguese guitar — a twelve-string, teardrop-shaped instrument whose metallic high register glitters between the singer's phrases and takes short instrumental interludes. Then focus on the singer's saudade — a compound emotion of resignation and longing — expressed through powerful high notes, wrung-out phrases, and a vibrato that swells into the peak of a line before the melisma is released. Two style branches matter. Fado castiço uses fixed melodic templates (fado corrido, fado menor, fado maior) with new lyrics; fado canção composes fresh music for each song. Two cities matter, too: Lisbon fado (dominated by women, applauded by clapping) and Coimbra fado (student singers in academic gowns, honoured by throat-clearing rather than applause). Alfredo Marceneiro's 1950s male-fado recordings define an opposite pole from Amália: quieter, lower, phrases trailing off into silence. The revival generation (Mariza, Ana Moura) has kept the tradition while engineering microphone technique so the voice hovers close to the ear.

If you only hear one thing

Start with Amália Rodrigues' 'Barco Negro' (1955) or 'Estranha Forma de Vida' (1962) — every element of fado is compressed into one track. The Art of Amália compilation is the omnibus. For the male-fado lineage, Alfredo Marceneiro's 'A Casa da Mariquinhas' (1954) is the reference document. The modern doorway is Mariza's Fado em Mim (2001) or Camané's Esta Coisa da Alma (2000). Ana Moura's Desfado (2012) is the point where fado and contemporary pop meet without either losing shape. Late night, low lighting, headphones, alone.

Trivia

'Fado' comes from the Latin fatum, 'fate' — the philosophy of singing what cannot be changed sits at the genre's core. Under Salazar's dictatorship (1933–74), fado was co-opted as one of the regime's 'Three F's' (Fado, Fátima, Football), and the 1974 Carnation Revolution left the revival generation with the work of decoupling the music from the fallen regime. Amália Rodrigues died in October 1999; Portugal declared three days of national mourning and staged a state funeral, an honour almost unheard of for a musician there. Fado was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list in November 2011. Coimbra fado is sung only by men in student gowns and — by tradition — applauded not with clapping but with throat-clearing; a tourist who applauds outs themselves immediately.

Notable artists

  • Alfredo Marceneiro1925–1982
  • Amália Rodrigues1939–1999
  • Carlos do Carmo1963–2021
  • Camané1979–present
  • Mariza2001–present
  • Ana Moura2002–present
  • António Zambujo2002–present
  • Ricardo Ribeiro2005–present

Notable tracks

Later notable tracks

Related genres

Similar-feel genres

Genres from musically adjacent regions

Other genres from the same place and era

Portugal · around 1820 (±25 years)